Medicinal Ingredient (per 1 capsule)
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA).........................250 mg
Choline………27.5 mg

Non-Medicinal Ingredients
Hypromellose, Magnesium Stearate, Purified Water, Silicon Dioxide

Recommended Dosage
Adults: 1 capsule 2-3 times per day; take with food.

Cautions and Warnings
Consult a health care practitioner if symptoms persist or worsen.
Consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use if you are pregnant, breastfeeding or have a known medical condition.
Keep out of reach of children.

Known Adverse Reactions
Stop use if Hypersensitivity/allergy occurs.
Some people may experience diarrhoea.

Q: What are the Health Canada approved uses for this product?
A: This product is approved by Health Canada (NPN 80133303) for the following uses: helps to maintain liver function; and source of choline. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Q: What is TUDCA and how is it different from UDCA?
A: TUDCA (Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid) and UDCA (Ursodeoxycholic Acid) are closely related bile acids, but they are distinct compounds with different properties. UDCA is a secondary bile acid that constitutes approximately 1 to 3% of the normal human bile acid pool. It is hydrophilic (water-attracting), which distinguishes it from the more hydrophobic bile acids such as deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid that can be damaging to cell membranes at high concentrations. TUDCA is the taurine conjugate of UDCA — UDCA with a taurine molecule attached at its carboxyl group. This taurine conjugation makes TUDCA significantly more water-soluble than UDCA, more stable in the acidic environment of the stomach (where unconjugated UDCA can be partially protonated and precipitate), and more resistant to precipitation in bile. TUDCA is the form of UDCA that occurs naturally in human bile, making it the physiologically native form of this bile acid in the human body.

Q: What is a bile salt and how does it differ from a bile acid?
A: Bile acids are steroid-derived acids synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. They are the primary organic solutes in bile and are essential for the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. In the liver, bile acids are conjugated (chemically joined) with either glycine or taurine to form bile salts. Bile salts are the ionized, conjugated forms of bile acids and are more water-soluble and more effective as emulsifying agents than unconjugated bile acids. TUDCA is specifically a taurine-conjugated bile salt — the taurine conjugate of UDCA. The terms bile acid and bile salt are sometimes used interchangeably in common usage, but technically bile salts are the conjugated forms that predominate in bile.

Q: What is the enterohepatic circulation and how does TUDCA participate in it?
A: The enterohepatic circulation is the recycling pathway by which bile salts are continuously reused between the liver and the small intestine. The liver synthesizes bile acids from cholesterol, conjugates them with glycine or taurine to form bile salts, and secretes them into bile stored in the gallbladder. After a meal, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile into the duodenum, where bile salts emulsify dietary fats for digestion. Approximately 95% of bile salts are then reabsorbed from the terminal ileum (the last section of the small intestine) and transported back to the liver via the portal vein. The liver extracts the bile salts from portal blood and re-secretes them into bile, completing the cycle. The average bile salt molecule undergoes this enterohepatic cycle approximately 4 to 12 times per day. TUDCA, as a naturally occurring bile salt, participates in this enterohepatic cycle after oral supplementation, entering the bile acid pool and being recycled through the liver and intestine.

Q: Why is TUDCA described as a purified synthetic bile salt? Does it come from bears?
A: Historically, UDCA and TUDCA were first isolated from bear bile, which is why UDCA's name contains "urso" (from ursus, Latin for bear). However, the TUDCA used in this supplement is produced through chemical synthesis, not from animal bile. Purified synthetic TUDCA is chemically identical to the TUDCA found naturally in human bile and in bear bile, but it is manufactured through a controlled synthetic process from pharmaceutical-grade starting materials. This makes the product 100% vegan and free from any animal-derived ingredients, while providing the same molecule as the naturally occurring form.

Q: How does TUDCA support liver function?
A: The liver is the central organ of bile acid metabolism. It synthesizes primary bile acids from cholesterol, conjugates them with glycine or taurine, secretes them into bile, and extracts them from portal blood during the enterohepatic cycle. TUDCA, as a naturally occurring hydrophilic bile salt, participates in the normal bile acid pool and supports the liver's bile acid handling and secretory function. The hydrophilic nature of TUDCA is particularly relevant: hydrophilic bile salts are generally better tolerated by hepatic cells than hydrophobic bile salts, which at high concentrations can be damaging to cell membranes. By contributing a hydrophilic bile salt to the bile acid pool, TUDCA supports normal bile composition and hepatic bile acid physiology. Health Canada has approved this product (NPN 80133303) for helping to maintain liver function.

Q: What is choline and why is it included with TUDCA?
A: Choline is an essential nutrient recognized by the Institute of Medicine in 1998. It is required for multiple critical functions with particular importance for liver function and lipid metabolism. Each capsule provides 27.5mg of choline alongside 250mg of TUDCA. Choline is the primary building block of phosphatidylcholine, the most abundant phospholipid in cell membranes and a major component of bile. Phosphatidylcholine in bile is essential for the formation of mixed micelles — the structures that solubilize cholesterol and bile salts in bile, preventing their precipitation. Choline is also a required structural component of VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) particles, the lipoproteins that the liver uses to export triglycerides into the bloodstream. Without adequate choline, the liver's ability to export triglycerides as VLDL is impaired, which can lead to fat accumulation in liver cells. TUDCA and choline address complementary aspects of liver function: TUDCA contributes to the bile salt component of bile and supports bile flow, while choline contributes to the phosphatidylcholine component of bile and supports hepatic lipid export. Health Canada has approved this product (NPN 80133303) as a source of choline.

Q: What are mixed micelles and why does phosphatidylcholine matter for bile?
A: Mixed micelles are the microscopic structures in bile that keep cholesterol and other lipids in solution, preventing them from crystallizing and precipitating. Bile is a complex fluid containing bile salts, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol in a carefully balanced ratio. Phosphatidylcholine acts as a co-emulsifier alongside bile salts, and together they form mixed micelles that can solubilize cholesterol. If the ratio of bile salts to phosphatidylcholine to cholesterol is disrupted for example, if phosphatidylcholine is insufficient cholesterol can precipitate from bile. Adequate choline for phosphatidylcholine synthesis is therefore important for maintaining normal bile composition and the liver's ability to keep bile components in solution.

Q: What is VLDL and why does choline matter for it?
A: VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) is the lipoprotein particle that the liver uses to export triglycerides into the bloodstream for delivery to peripheral tissues. Phosphatidylcholine is a required structural component of the VLDL particle's outer shell. Without adequate phosphatidylcholine which requires choline for its synthesis the liver cannot assemble and export VLDL particles efficiently. When VLDL export is impaired, triglycerides accumulate in liver cells, a condition known as hepatic steatosis or fatty liver. Choline is therefore essential for normal hepatic lipid export and is one of the key nutrients involved in preventing fat accumulation in the liver.

Q: Is this product suitable for vegans and vegetarians?
A: Yes, this TUDCA supplement is 100% vegan and suitable for both vegans and vegetarians. Although TUDCA was historically associated with bear bile, the TUDCA in this formula is produced through chemical synthesis from pharmaceutical-grade starting materials not from any animal source. The capsule shell is made from hypromellose (vegetable cellulose), not gelatin. All non-medicinal ingredients (hypromellose, magnesium stearate, purified water, silicon dioxide) are plant-derived or mineral-based. The product is also non-GMO and free from gluten, dairy, and soy.

Q: Are there any safety considerations or drug interactions I should know about?
A: Consult a healthcare professional before use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, taking medications, or have a medical condition. The most important drug interaction to be aware of is with antacids containing aluminum hydroxide. Aluminum hydroxide can bind bile salts in the digestive tract and reduce their absorption, potentially reducing the effectiveness of TUDCA supplementation. If you take aluminum-containing antacids, separate them from TUDCA by at least two hours. Individuals with bile duct obstruction or acute cholangitis should not use TUDCA without medical supervision, as increasing bile salt load in the presence of bile duct obstruction can be harmful. Also consult a healthcare provider if you take immunosuppressants or cholesterol-lowering medications. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Q: Why is this product Health Canada approved?
A: This product holds NPN 80133303 from Health Canada, meaning it has been reviewed and approved for safety, efficacy, and quality as a natural health product. The NPN designation confirms that the approved uses (helps to maintain liver function; source of choline) are backed by evidence reviewed by Health Canada, and that the product meets Canadian regulatory standards for ingredient quality, dosage, and labelling. This regulatory approval provides additional confidence when choosing a TUDCA supplement.