Most electrolyte drinks on the market are built around sodium and sugar. They replace what you sweat out during exercise but do little to address the deeper nutritional gaps that affect muscle function, energy metabolism, and recovery. This formula takes a fundamentally different approach: a sugar-free, stevia-sweetened powder that combines the two most commonly deficient electrolyte minerals (magnesium and potassium) with three vitamins in their most bioavailable, active forms.
This guide explains what each ingredient does, why the specific forms chosen matter, and what the clinical evidence says about their combined benefits for muscle function, energy metabolism, and overall wellness.
Table of Contents
- What Are Electrolytes and Why Do They Matter?
- Magnesium Citrate: The Primary Electrolyte
- Potassium Citrate: The Intracellular Electrolyte
- Sodium: The Extracellular Electrolyte
- Vitamin C (Sodium Ascorbate): Why Buffered Form Matters
- Vitamin B6 (P5P): The Active Coenzyme Form
- Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin): The Natural Food Form
- Benefit #1: Muscle Function and Electrolyte Balance
- Benefit #2: Energy Metabolism
- Benefit #3: Hydration and Fluid Balance
- Benefit #4: Exercise Recovery
- Benefit #5: Immune and Antioxidant Support
- This Formula vs Standard Electrolyte Drinks: Full Comparison
- How to Use and Dosage Guidelines
- Safety Profile and Contraindications
- Frequently Asked Questions
What Are Electrolytes and Why Do They Matter?
Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in water. In the body, they are dissolved in blood, urine, and intracellular fluid, where they regulate fluid balance, nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and pH. The primary electrolytes in human physiology are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate.
Electrolyte imbalances are among the most common nutritional deficiencies in modern populations:
- Magnesium deficiency affects an estimated 45 to 68% of the general population, making it one of the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies globally
- Potassium insufficiency is widespread due to low fruit and vegetable consumption, with most adults consuming less than half the adequate intake
- Sodium is rarely deficient in Western diets but is lost significantly through sweat during exercise
Electrolyte losses are accelerated by exercise, heat, sweating, stress, alcohol consumption, diuretic medications, and low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diets. Replenishing electrolytes is essential for maintaining muscle function, cognitive performance, and overall physiological homeostasis.
Magnesium Citrate: The Primary Electrolyte
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body and is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions. It is the most important electrolyte mineral for muscle function, energy production, and nervous system regulation, yet it is also the most commonly deficient.
Why Magnesium Citrate?
Not all magnesium supplements are equally bioavailable. The form of magnesium determines how much is actually absorbed and utilized.
| Magnesium Form | Elemental Mg % | Bioavailability | Water Solubility | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnesium Citrate | 16% | High | Excellent | Ideal for powder format; well-studied |
| Magnesium Glycinate | 14% | High | Good | Gentle on digestion; preferred for sleep |
| Magnesium Malate | 15% | High | Good | Supports energy metabolism (malic acid) |
| Magnesium Oxide | 60% | Very low (4%) | Poor | High elemental Mg but poorly absorbed |
| Magnesium Chloride | 12% | Moderate | Excellent | Common in electrolyte drinks |
Magnesium citrate is magnesium bound to citric acid. Research published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition (2003) found that magnesium citrate was significantly better absorbed than magnesium oxide, with 30% higher urinary magnesium excretion (a marker of absorption) after supplementation. Its excellent water solubility makes it the ideal form for a powder drink mix, dissolving completely without residue.
Each scoop provides 299mg of elemental magnesium, representing approximately 71% of the Health Canada recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for adult men (420mg) and 86% for adult women (350mg).
Potassium Citrate: The Intracellular Electrolyte
Potassium is the primary electrolyte inside cells (intracellular), working in concert with sodium (the primary extracellular electrolyte) to maintain the electrochemical gradient across cell membranes that drives nerve impulses, muscle contractions, and fluid balance.
Each scoop provides 99.94mg of elemental potassium from potassium citrate. The citrate form is water-soluble, well-absorbed, and has a mildly alkalizing effect in the body, which may support acid-base balance during exercise when lactic acid production increases.
Why Potassium Is Critical for Muscle Function
- Action potential generation: Potassium is essential for generating and propagating the electrical signals that trigger muscle contractions
- Muscle relaxation: After contraction, potassium re-enters cells to restore the resting membrane potential, enabling muscle relaxation
- Cramp prevention: Potassium depletion (hypokalemia) is a primary cause of muscle cramps, particularly during prolonged exercise or heat exposure
- Fluid balance: Potassium regulates intracellular fluid volume, maintaining cell hydration and function
Sodium: The Extracellular Electrolyte
This formula provides 123.75mg of sodium per serving as a non-medicinal ingredient, derived from sodium ascorbate (the vitamin C source). Sodium is the primary electrolyte outside cells and is the electrolyte lost in the greatest quantity through sweat during exercise.
The sodium in this formula serves a dual purpose: it contributes to electrolyte balance alongside magnesium and potassium, and it is the carrier form for the buffered vitamin C (sodium ascorbate). This elegant formulation design means the vitamin C source simultaneously contributes a meaningful electrolyte.
Vitamin C (Sodium Ascorbate): Why Buffered Form Matters
This formula provides 1,000mg of vitamin C per scoop as sodium ascorbate, the buffered (non-acidic) form of vitamin C. This is a deliberate and clinically meaningful formulation choice.
Sodium Ascorbate vs Ascorbic Acid
| Property | Sodium Ascorbate (this formula) | Ascorbic Acid (standard) |
|---|---|---|
| pH | Near-neutral (pH 7.0 to 7.5) | Acidic (pH 2.5 to 3.0) |
| Stomach tolerance | Gentle; suitable at 1,000mg | Can cause nausea, heartburn at high doses |
| Tooth enamel | Non-erosive | Erosive at high doses in powder/liquid form |
| Vitamin C activity | Equivalent | Equivalent |
| Additional electrolyte | Yes (123.75mg sodium) | No |
| Suitable for sensitive stomachs | Yes | At lower doses only |
At 1,000mg per serving in a drink format, ascorbic acid would create a highly acidic beverage that could irritate the stomach and erode tooth enamel with regular use. Sodium ascorbate's near-neutral pH eliminates both concerns while delivering the same vitamin C activity, making it the appropriate choice for a daily drink powder at this dose.
Vitamin B6 (P5P): The Active Coenzyme Form
This formula provides 50mg of vitamin B6 per scoop as pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P), the active coenzyme form. This is a significant formulation advantage over the pyridoxine HCl used in most supplements.
P5P vs Pyridoxine HCl
| Property | P5P (this formula) | Pyridoxine HCl (standard) |
|---|---|---|
| Form | Active coenzyme (ready to use) | Inactive precursor (requires liver conversion) |
| Liver conversion required | No | Yes (pyridoxal kinase and oxidase) |
| Benefit for impaired liver function | Yes (bypasses conversion) | Reduced (conversion impaired) |
| Benefit for genetic variants | Yes (bypasses PNPO enzyme) | Reduced in PNPO deficiency |
| Bioavailability | Directly available | Dependent on conversion efficiency |
P5P is the form of vitamin B6 that directly participates in over 100 enzymatic reactions in the body, including amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis (serotonin, dopamine, GABA), and energy metabolism. By providing P5P directly, this formula ensures vitamin B6 activity regardless of individual variation in liver conversion efficiency.
Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin): The Natural Food Form
This formula provides 500mcg of vitamin B12 per scoop as hydroxocobalamin, a natural form of B12 found in food. This is a meaningful distinction from the cyanocobalamin used in most supplements.
Hydroxocobalamin vs Cyanocobalamin
| Property | Hydroxocobalamin (this formula) | Cyanocobalamin (standard) |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Natural (found in food) | Synthetic (not found in nature) |
| Half-life in blood | Longer (superior retention) | Shorter |
| Conversion to active forms | Converts to both methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin | Converts primarily to methylcobalamin |
| Cyanide release | None | Releases small amount of cyanide on conversion |
| Preferred for | General use; detoxification support | General use (adequate for most) |
| Used in clinical medicine | Yes (IV treatment of B12 deficiency) | Yes (oral supplementation) |
Hydroxocobalamin is the form of B12 used in clinical medicine for intravenous treatment of B12 deficiency and cyanide poisoning (due to its ability to bind cyanide). Its longer half-life means it is retained in the body longer than cyanocobalamin, and its conversion to both active coenzyme forms (methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin) provides comprehensive B12 activity across all B12-dependent pathways.
Benefit #1: Muscle Function and Electrolyte Balance
Maintaining proper muscle function and normal electrolyte balance is the primary Health Canada-approved use of this product (NPN 80112845), and it is the benefit most directly supported by the magnesium and potassium content.
Clinical Evidence
A systematic review published in Magnesium Research (2017) analyzing 22 randomized controlled trials found that magnesium supplementation significantly improved muscle performance measures including grip strength, lower extremity muscle power, and physical performance scores, with the greatest benefits in individuals with low baseline magnesium status.
Research in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2010) demonstrated that magnesium supplementation (350mg daily) for 7 weeks in competitive cyclists significantly improved peak oxygen uptake, work output, and glucose metabolism during exercise compared to placebo.
A meta-analysis published in Nutrients (2017) found that magnesium supplementation significantly reduced exercise-induced muscle damage markers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase) and inflammatory cytokines, supporting faster recovery from intense exercise.
Mechanisms for Muscle Function
- Calcium antagonism: Magnesium regulates calcium entry into muscle cells; adequate magnesium prevents excessive calcium-induced muscle contraction and cramping
- ATP production: Magnesium is required for ATP synthesis; all ATP in the body exists as Mg-ATP complex
- Sodium-potassium ATPase: Magnesium activates the Na/K-ATPase pump that maintains the sodium-potassium gradient essential for muscle contraction and relaxation
- Neuromuscular transmission: Magnesium modulates acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, regulating muscle activation
- Potassium gradient: Potassium maintains the resting membrane potential in muscle cells, enabling proper contraction and relaxation cycles
Benefit #2: Energy Metabolism
Supporting energy metabolism in the body is the second Health Canada-approved use of this product (NPN 80112845). This benefit is supported by multiple ingredients working through complementary pathways.
How Each Ingredient Supports Energy Metabolism
Magnesium: Magnesium is an essential cofactor for all ATP-generating reactions in the body. It is required for glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Every molecule of ATP in the body exists as a magnesium-ATP complex (Mg-ATP). Without adequate magnesium, cellular energy production is impaired at a fundamental biochemical level.
Vitamin B6 (P5P): P5P is a cofactor for over 100 enzymatic reactions, including transamination reactions in amino acid metabolism that feed into the Krebs cycle, and glycogen phosphorylase, the enzyme that releases glucose from glycogen stores for energy during exercise.
Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin): B12 (as adenosylcobalamin) is an essential cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, the enzyme that converts methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA for entry into the Krebs cycle. B12 deficiency impairs this step, reducing the efficiency of energy production from odd-chain fatty acids and certain amino acids.
Vitamin C: Vitamin C is required for the biosynthesis of carnitine, the molecule that transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation. Without adequate vitamin C, carnitine synthesis is impaired, reducing the capacity for fat-based energy production.
Clinical Evidence
A randomized controlled trial published in Nutrients (2018) found that combined magnesium and B vitamin supplementation significantly improved energy levels, reduced fatigue scores, and improved cognitive performance in adults with suboptimal micronutrient status after 8 weeks.
Research in the British Journal of Nutrition (2010) demonstrated that B vitamin supplementation (including B6 and B12) significantly reduced fatigue and improved mood in healthy adults, with effects attributed to improved energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis.
Benefit #3: Hydration and Fluid Balance
Proper hydration is not simply about water intake. It requires adequate electrolytes to maintain the osmotic gradients that regulate fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments.
The Electrolyte-Hydration Connection
Water follows electrolytes across cell membranes through osmosis. The sodium-potassium gradient maintained by the Na/K-ATPase pump (which requires magnesium for activation) determines how water is distributed between cells and the surrounding fluid. Without adequate electrolytes, consumed water cannot be effectively retained in the tissues where it is needed.
This formula provides all three primary electrolyte minerals:
- Sodium (123.75mg): The primary extracellular electrolyte; regulates blood volume and extracellular fluid
- Potassium (99.94mg): The primary intracellular electrolyte; regulates cell hydration and intracellular fluid volume
- Magnesium (299mg): Activates the Na/K-ATPase pump that maintains the sodium-potassium gradient; regulates calcium channels involved in fluid balance
Hydration for Exercise
During exercise, sweat losses of sodium, potassium, and magnesium can be substantial. Research published in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (2007) found that electrolyte replacement during and after exercise significantly improved rehydration efficiency, reduced post-exercise fatigue, and improved subsequent exercise performance compared to water alone.
Benefit #4: Exercise Recovery
The combination of magnesium, potassium, vitamin C, and B vitamins in this formula addresses multiple dimensions of exercise recovery simultaneously.
Clinical Evidence
A randomized controlled trial published in the European Journal of Applied Physiology (2014) found that magnesium supplementation significantly reduced exercise-induced muscle soreness (DOMS), inflammatory markers, and creatine kinase levels (a marker of muscle damage) after intense resistance exercise.
Research in Nutrients (2020) demonstrated that vitamin C supplementation (1,000mg daily) significantly reduced exercise-induced oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines, supporting faster recovery from intense exercise and reducing muscle soreness duration.
Recovery Mechanisms
- Muscle relaxation (Mg): Replenishes magnesium depleted during exercise, supporting muscle relaxation and reducing post-exercise cramping
- Electrolyte restoration (Mg, K, Na): Restores the electrolyte balance disrupted by sweat losses
- Antioxidant protection (Vitamin C): Neutralizes exercise-induced reactive oxygen species that damage muscle tissue
- Collagen synthesis (Vitamin C): Supports repair of connective tissue (tendons, ligaments) stressed during exercise
- Protein metabolism (B6): P5P supports amino acid metabolism required for muscle protein synthesis and repair
- Energy restoration (B12, Mg): Supports restoration of cellular energy production after exercise-induced depletion
Benefit #5: Immune and Antioxidant Support
The 1,000mg vitamin C content per serving provides meaningful immune and antioxidant support alongside the electrolyte and energy metabolism benefits.
Clinical Evidence
A Cochrane systematic review (2013) analyzing 29 trials with 11,306 participants found that regular vitamin C supplementation (200mg or more daily) reduced the duration of common cold episodes by 8% in adults and 14% in children, with greater benefits (50% reduction in incidence) in individuals under high physical stress such as marathon runners and soldiers.
Research in Nutrients (2017) demonstrated that magnesium plays a critical role in immune function, with magnesium deficiency associated with increased inflammatory markers, impaired natural killer cell activity, and reduced antibody production. Magnesium supplementation restored immune function in deficient individuals.
Immune and Antioxidant Mechanisms
- Vitamin C antioxidant: Neutralizes free radicals in both aqueous and lipid environments; regenerates vitamin E after it quenches free radicals
- Immune cell support (Vitamin C): Accumulates in immune cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes) at concentrations 10 to 100 times higher than plasma, supporting their function
- Collagen synthesis (Vitamin C): Essential for maintaining the integrity of physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes) that prevent pathogen entry
- Magnesium immune role: Required for lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production, and natural killer cell activity
- B6 immune role: P5P is required for lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production; B6 deficiency impairs both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
This Formula vs Standard Electrolyte Drinks: Full Comparison
| Feature | This Formula | Standard Sports Drink | Basic Electrolyte Powder |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary electrolytes | Mg, K, Na (all 3) | Na, K (Mg often absent) | Na, K (Mg sometimes included) |
| Magnesium form | Citrate (high bioavailability) | Often absent | Variable (often oxide) |
| Magnesium dose | 299mg (71% RDA) | 0 to 10mg | 50 to 150mg |
| Vitamin C | 1,000mg (sodium ascorbate) | 0 to 60mg | 0 to 250mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 50mg (active P5P form) | Absent or inactive form | Absent or inactive form |
| Vitamin B12 | 500mcg (hydroxocobalamin) | Absent | Absent or cyanocobalamin |
| Sugar content | Zero (stevia sweetened) | 21 to 34g per serving | Zero to low |
| Sweetener | Stevia (natural, zero-calorie) | Sugar, glucose, sucrose | Stevia or artificial sweeteners |
| Health Canada approved | Yes (NPN 80112845) | No (food product) | Variable |
| Vegan | Yes | Usually yes | Usually yes |
How to Use and Dosage Guidelines
Standard Dosing
Suggested use: 1 scoop (approximately 5g) mixed in 250ml of water or your favourite drink, once daily
Per serving provides:
- Magnesium: 299mg (as magnesium citrate)
- Potassium: 99.94mg (as potassium citrate)
- Vitamin C: 1,000mg (as sodium ascorbate)
- Vitamin B6: 50mg (as pyridoxal 5'-phosphate)
- Vitamin B12: 500mcg (as hydroxocobalamin)
- Sodium: 123.75mg (from sodium ascorbate)
Timing Recommendations
- General wellness: Any time of day; morning use supports energy metabolism throughout the day
- Pre-exercise: 30 to 60 minutes before exercise to pre-load electrolytes and support muscle function
- Post-exercise: Immediately after exercise to restore electrolytes lost through sweat and support recovery
- Evening: Magnesium supports muscle relaxation and sleep quality; evening use may be preferred by those using it primarily for muscle relaxation
- With or without food: Can be taken either way; taking with food may reduce the risk of gastrointestinal discomfort from the high vitamin C dose
Mixing Instructions
- Add 1 scoop (approximately 5g) to 250ml of cold water or your preferred beverage
- Stir or shake well until fully dissolved
- Drink immediately for best flavor
- Use a dry scoop each time; do not use a wet scoop as moisture can cause clumping
- Store container tightly sealed in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight
Safety Profile and Contraindications
Safety Data
- Health Canada approved (NPN 80112845)
- All ingredients are well-established with extensive safety records
- Sugar-free formula suitable for individuals managing blood sugar
- Stevia sweetener is safe for diabetics and does not raise blood glucose
Potential Side Effects
- Magnesium: High doses may cause loose stools or diarrhea; 299mg is within the well-tolerated range for most adults
- Vitamin C: 1,000mg as sodium ascorbate is generally well-tolerated; individuals with very sensitive stomachs may prefer taking with food
- Vitamin B6 (P5P): 50mg daily is within the safe range; very high doses (above 200mg daily long-term) have been associated with peripheral neuropathy, though this is not a concern at 50mg
Contraindications and Precautions
- Kidney disease: Impaired kidneys may not properly excrete excess magnesium, potassium, or vitamin C; consult healthcare provider
- Hyperkalemia: Individuals with elevated potassium levels should avoid additional potassium supplementation
- Hypermagnesemia: Individuals with elevated magnesium levels should consult a healthcare provider
- Anticoagulant medications: High-dose vitamin C may affect warfarin metabolism; consult healthcare provider
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Consult healthcare provider before use
- Medications: Consult healthcare provider if taking any prescription medications
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the best form of magnesium for an electrolyte drink?
Magnesium citrate is the optimal form for a powder drink mix due to its excellent water solubility and high bioavailability. Research shows magnesium citrate is significantly better absorbed than magnesium oxide (the most common but least bioavailable form). Its complete dissolution in water ensures consistent dosing and a smooth-tasting drink without residue or grittiness.
Why does this electrolyte powder contain B vitamins?
Vitamin B6 (as P5P) and B12 (as hydroxocobalamin) are included because they are essential cofactors for energy metabolism, the second Health Canada-approved use of this product. B6 supports amino acid metabolism and glycogen breakdown for energy; B12 supports the Krebs cycle and red blood cell formation. Both are commonly deficient, particularly in vegans (B12) and individuals with high protein intake or stress (B6).
What is the difference between P5P and regular vitamin B6?
P5P (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate) is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6 that directly participates in enzymatic reactions. Regular vitamin B6 supplements use pyridoxine HCl, which must be converted by the liver to P5P before the body can use it. P5P bypasses this conversion step, making it immediately available regardless of individual variation in liver conversion efficiency.
Why is sodium ascorbate used instead of regular vitamin C?
Sodium ascorbate is a buffered, non-acidic form of vitamin C with a near-neutral pH, unlike ascorbic acid which is highly acidic (pH 2.5 to 3.0). At 1,000mg in a drink format, ascorbic acid would create an acidic beverage that could irritate the stomach and erode tooth enamel with daily use. Sodium ascorbate provides the same vitamin C activity without these concerns, and its sodium component contributes an additional electrolyte to the formula.
Is this electrolyte powder suitable for keto or low-carb diets?
Yes. This formula is sugar-free and sweetened with stevia, a natural zero-calorie sweetener that does not raise blood glucose or insulin levels. It contains no carbohydrates from sugar. Ketogenic and low-carb diets increase electrolyte losses (particularly magnesium and potassium) due to reduced insulin levels and increased urinary excretion, making electrolyte supplementation especially important for those following these dietary approaches.
Can I take this electrolyte powder every day?
Yes. The formula is designed for daily use at 1 scoop per day. Daily magnesium supplementation is appropriate for most adults given the widespread prevalence of magnesium insufficiency. The B vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble and excess is excreted, making daily use safe. Individuals with kidney disease should consult a healthcare provider before daily use.
What does hydroxocobalamin mean for vitamin B12?
Hydroxocobalamin is a natural form of vitamin B12 found in food, distinct from the synthetic cyanocobalamin used in most supplements. It has a longer half-life in the body, converts to both active coenzyme forms of B12 (methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin), and releases no cyanide on conversion. It is the form used in clinical medicine for intravenous B12 treatment, reflecting its superior retention and bioavailability.
Conclusion
This magnesium citrate electrolyte powder is not a standard sports drink reformulated into a powder. It is a clinically designed 5-in-1 formula that addresses the most common electrolyte and micronutrient deficiencies simultaneously, using the most bioavailable and active forms of each ingredient available.
The formulation advantages are specific and meaningful:
- Magnesium citrate for superior bioavailability and complete water solubility
- Potassium citrate for intracellular electrolyte balance with mild alkalizing effect
- Sodium ascorbate for 1,000mg vitamin C without stomach irritation or enamel erosion
- P5P for active-form B6 that requires no liver conversion
- Hydroxocobalamin for natural-form B12 with longer retention and dual coenzyme conversion
- Zero sugar, stevia sweetened, suitable for keto and low-carb diets
Clinical-grade electrolyte powder: Magnesium Citrate Electrolyte Powder — 299mg magnesium citrate, 99.94mg potassium citrate, 1,000mg vitamin C (sodium ascorbate), 50mg B6 (P5P), 500mcg B12 (hydroxocobalamin), natural lemon-lime flavor, sugar-free, stevia sweetened, 30 servings, Health Canada licensed (NPN 80112845), vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO, made in Canada.
References
1. Walker AF, et al. Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study. Magnesium Research. 2003;16(3):183-191.
2. Zhang Y, et al. Can magnesium enhance exercise performance? Nutrients. 2017;9(9):946.
3. Hemila H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;1:CD000980.
4. Tardy AL, et al. Vitamins and minerals for energy, fatigue and cognition: a narrative review of the biochemical and clinical evidence. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):228.
5. Volpe SL. Magnesium and the athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2015;14(4):279-283.
6. Stanger O, et al. Homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in neuropsychiatric diseases: review and treatment recommendations. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2009;9(9):1393-1412.
7. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1211.