Panax quinquefolius Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013
This comprehensive review examined the phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties of Panax quinquefolius, with particular focus on its natural ginsenoside profile in unprocessed white root form. The review documented that Panax quinquefolius contains a distinctive ginsenoside spectrum including Rb1, Rc, Rd, and Re that is preserved in its natural ratios in air dried white ginseng root. The authors concluded that Panax quinquefolius white root has a well characterized bioactive profile that supports its long history of use as a traditional herbal tonic in East Asian medicine.
Ginsenoside Profiles of North American Ginseng Influence of Growing Region and Processing Method
Food Chemistry, 2010
This study examined how growing region and processing method influence the ginsenoside profile of Panax quinquefolius root. The study documented that air dried white ginseng root preserves the natural ginsenoside ratios of the harvested plant without heat induced transformation, and that Ontario-grown roots produced a consistent and distinctive ginsenoside profile compared to roots from other North American growing regions. The authors concluded that minimal processing and Ontario growing conditions are key determinants of ginsenoside composition and root quality in Canadian Panax quinquefolius.
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) as an Adaptogen Traditional Use and Modern Research
HerbalGram Journal of the American Botanical Council, 2016
This review examined the traditional use of Panax quinquefolius as an adaptogenic botanical in East Asian and North American herbal medicine, with particular attention to the white root form as the historically predominant preparation. The review documented that white ginseng root in its air dried, minimally processed form has been the standard everyday ginseng preparation in traditional East Asian households for centuries, valued for its mild, cooling character and broad suitability across different constitutions. The authors concluded that Panax quinquefolius white root has a well established ethnobotanical history as a traditional daily tonic