Antarctic krill oil is one of the most nutritionally complete omega-3 supplements available. In a single softgel, it delivers EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids in the phospholipid form that human cell membranes are made of, phosphatidylcholine as a choline source for brain and liver health, and esterified astaxanthin, one of the most potent natural antioxidants known to science. No other single omega-3 supplement combines all three of these components in their natural, synergistic form.
This guide explains what Antarctic krill oil is, why its phospholipid molecular form matters for absorption and brain delivery, what astaxanthin does and why its presence in krill oil is significant, and what the clinical evidence says about krill oil's cardiovascular, brain, inflammatory, and eye health benefits.
Table of Contents
- What is Antarctic Krill Oil and Where Does It Come From?
- What Is in Each Softgel: Full Ingredient Breakdown
- Phospholipid Omega-3: Why the Molecular Form of EPA and DHA Matters
- Phosphatidylcholine: The Brain and Liver Nutrient in Every Softgel
- Astaxanthin: The Antioxidant That Makes Krill Oil Exceptional
- Benefit #1: Cardiovascular Health
- Benefit #2: Brain Health and Cognitive Function
- Benefit #3: Healthy Inflammatory Response
- Benefit #4: Eye Health
- Why Krill Oil Does Not Cause Fishy Burps
- Why Euphausia superba Is the Gold Standard Krill Source
- Antarctic Krill Sustainability
- Dosage Guidelines and Timing
- Safety Profile, Allergen Warning, and Contraindications
- Frequently Asked Questions
What is Antarctic Krill Oil and Where Does It Come From?
Krill oil is extracted from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), small crustaceans that inhabit the cold, pristine waters of the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica. Despite their small size (typically 1 to 6cm in length), Antarctic krill form one of the largest animal biomasses on earth, with an estimated total biomass of 379 to 500 million tonnes.
Why Antarctic Krill Are Nutritionally Exceptional
Antarctic krill occupy a unique position in the marine food chain: they feed almost exclusively on phytoplankton and microalgae, the primary producers of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids in the ocean. This direct algae-to-krill pathway means krill accumulate omega-3s with minimal heavy metal contamination, since they are at the base of the food chain with no bioaccumulation from consuming other fish.
The cold Antarctic waters where krill live require them to maintain highly fluid cell membranes to function at near-freezing temperatures. This biological requirement drives krill to incorporate large quantities of phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA into their cell membranes, which is why krill oil has a fundamentally different and more bioavailable omega-3 molecular structure than most other marine oil supplements.
What Is in Each Softgel: Full Ingredient Breakdown
| Component | Amount per Softgel | Primary Function |
|---|---|---|
| Krill Oil (Euphausia superba, whole) | 1,000mg | Source of all active components below |
| Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids | 270mg | Cardiovascular, brain, inflammatory, eye health |
| EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid) | 150mg | Anti-inflammatory eicosanoids; cardiovascular; triglyceride reduction |
| DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid) | 70mg | Brain structure; retinal structure; neuroplasticity |
| Phospholipids | 400mg | Superior omega-3 bioavailability; choline source; cell membrane support |
| Esterified Astaxanthin | 200mg | Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; brain and eye protection; omega-3 stability |
Phospholipid Omega-3: Why the Molecular Form of EPA and DHA Matters
In krill oil, EPA and DHA are bound to phospholipids, the same molecular form found in human cell membranes. This is the defining structural advantage of krill oil omega-3.
How Phospholipid Omega-3 Is Absorbed
Phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA from krill oil are absorbed through a direct and efficient pathway:
- Phospholipids are incorporated into mixed micelles with bile salts more efficiently than other lipid forms
- Phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA are absorbed directly into intestinal cells via phospholipid-specific transporters
- They are transported in the bloodstream as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a water-soluble form that does not require chylomicron packaging through the lymphatic system
- LPC-bound DHA crosses the blood-brain barrier via the Mfsd2a transporter, the primary route for DHA delivery to the brain
- Phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA are directly incorporated into cell membranes without requiring conversion from another lipid form
Brain Delivery: The Mfsd2a Transporter
The blood-brain barrier controls which substances enter the brain. DHA crosses the blood-brain barrier primarily via the Mfsd2a (Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain Containing 2a) transporter, which has a strong preference for lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA (LPC-DHA) — the form that krill oil's phospholipid-bound DHA becomes after digestion and absorption.
Research published in Nature (2014) demonstrated that Mfsd2a is the primary route for DHA entry into the brain and that it specifically transports LPC-DHA. This provides a mechanistic explanation for why phospholipid-bound DHA from krill oil is particularly well-suited for brain DHA delivery.
Bioavailability Evidence
A randomized crossover study published in Lipids in Health and Disease (2013) by Ramprasath et al. found that krill oil produced significantly higher plasma EPA and DHA levels compared to equivalent doses of other omega-3 sources, with krill oil EPA bioavailability approximately 63% higher at equivalent doses, attributed to the phospholipid delivery form.
Phosphatidylcholine: The Brain and Liver Nutrient in Every Softgel
The 400mg of phospholipids in each krill oil softgel are not merely a delivery vehicle for EPA and DHA — they are themselves bioactive nutrients. The primary phospholipid in krill oil is phosphatidylcholine (PC), which provides choline, an essential nutrient that most Canadians do not consume in adequate amounts.
What Phosphatidylcholine Does
- Choline source: Phosphatidylcholine is the primary dietary source of choline, required for acetylcholine synthesis (the neurotransmitter for memory and muscle control), cell membrane integrity, and methylation reactions
- Brain cell membrane component: Phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant phospholipid in neuronal cell membranes, supporting membrane fluidity and synaptic function
- Liver health: Phosphatidylcholine is essential for hepatic fat export via VLDL; choline deficiency is a primary driver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
- Cell membrane repair: Phosphatidylcholine is the primary building block for cell membrane repair throughout the body
The Choline Insufficiency Problem
Choline is classified as an essential nutrient by Health Canada and the Institute of Medicine, with an Adequate Intake of 550mg per day for men and 425mg per day for women. Surveys consistently show that the majority of Canadians do not meet these targets. The primary dietary sources of choline are eggs and liver — foods many people consume in insufficient quantities. Krill oil's phosphatidylcholine content provides a meaningful contribution to daily choline intake alongside its omega-3 benefits.
Astaxanthin: The Antioxidant That Makes Krill Oil Exceptional
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment that gives Antarctic krill their characteristic pink-red color. It is naturally present in krill oil at 200mg per softgel and is one of the most potent natural antioxidants known to science.
Why Astaxanthin Is Exceptional
Astaxanthin's molecular structure — a long conjugated polyene chain with keto and hydroxyl groups at both ends — gives it unique antioxidant properties that distinguish it from all other carotenoids:
- Spans the entire cell membrane: Astaxanthin's molecular length allows it to span the full width of the lipid bilayer cell membrane, with its polar end groups anchored in the aqueous phases on both sides. This unique positioning allows it to protect the entire membrane from oxidative damage simultaneously
- Does not become pro-oxidant: Unlike beta-carotene and some other carotenoids, astaxanthin does not become pro-oxidant at high concentrations or in high-oxygen environments. It remains a pure antioxidant under all physiological conditions
- Crosses the blood-brain barrier: Astaxanthin is one of the few antioxidants that can cross the blood-brain barrier, providing direct antioxidant protection to brain tissue
- Crosses the blood-retinal barrier: Astaxanthin crosses the blood-retinal barrier, providing direct antioxidant protection to the retina and supporting eye health
- Exceptional potency: Astaxanthin has been measured at 6,000 times the antioxidant potency of vitamin C, 800 times that of CoQ10, 550 times that of vitamin E, and 75 times that of alpha-lipoic acid in singlet oxygen quenching assays
Esterified Astaxanthin: The Natural Form
This product contains esterified astaxanthin, the natural form found in krill and other marine organisms. Esterified astaxanthin (astaxanthin bound to fatty acids) is more stable than free astaxanthin and is the form that occurs naturally in krill oil. Research has demonstrated that esterified astaxanthin is effectively hydrolyzed to free astaxanthin during digestion, providing equivalent bioavailability while offering superior stability during storage.
Astaxanthin Protects the Omega-3s
EPA and DHA are highly polyunsaturated fatty acids that are prone to oxidative degradation. Astaxanthin's presence in krill oil provides built-in antioxidant protection for the omega-3 fatty acids themselves, preventing rancidity during storage and digestion without requiring added synthetic preservatives.
Benefit #1: Cardiovascular Health
Krill oil supports cardiovascular health through its EPA and DHA omega-3s, its phospholipid delivery form, and its astaxanthin antioxidant content — three complementary mechanisms that address different aspects of cardiovascular risk.
Triglyceride Reduction
EPA and DHA reduce triglyceride synthesis in the liver by activating PPAR-alpha, a nuclear receptor that upregulates fatty acid oxidation and reduces VLDL (triglyceride-rich lipoprotein) production. A randomized controlled trial published in the Journal of Nutrition (2009) by Maki et al. found that krill oil supplementation significantly reduced triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol in adults with borderline high triglycerides.
Blood Pressure
EPA and DHA reduce blood pressure through multiple mechanisms: they increase the production of vasodilatory eicosanoids, improve endothelial nitric oxide production, and reduce arterial stiffness. A meta-analysis published in the American Journal of Hypertension (2014) analyzing 70 randomized controlled trials confirmed that omega-3 supplementation significantly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with greater effects in hypertensive individuals.
Platelet Aggregation
EPA competes with arachidonic acid for cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, shifting eicosanoid production from pro-aggregatory thromboxane A2 toward anti-aggregatory thromboxane A3. This shift reduces platelet aggregation and thrombotic risk. Krill oil's phospholipid-bound EPA is incorporated into platelet membranes more efficiently, potentially providing greater anti-aggregatory effects.
Astaxanthin and Cardiovascular Protection
Astaxanthin provides additional cardiovascular protection: it prevents LDL oxidation (reducing oxidized LDL, the primary initiator of atherosclerotic plaque), improves endothelial function, and reduces inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6). A randomized controlled trial published in Atherosclerosis (2010) found that astaxanthin supplementation significantly reduced oxidized LDL levels and improved HDL function in patients with mild hyperlipidemia.
Benefit #2: Brain Health and Cognitive Function
DHA is the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in the brain, comprising approximately 15 to 20% of the fatty acid content of the cerebral cortex and 30 to 40% of the fatty acid content of the retina. It is essential for neuronal membrane fluidity, synaptic transmission, neuroprotection, and neurogenesis.
DHA and Brain Structure
DHA is incorporated into neuronal phospholipid membranes, where it maintains membrane fluidity and supports the function of membrane-embedded proteins including ion channels, receptors, and transporters. Adequate brain DHA is associated with:
- Faster synaptic transmission (membrane fluidity affects ion channel kinetics)
- Enhanced neuroplasticity (DHA supports BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, production)
- Reduced neuroinflammation (DHA is a precursor to anti-inflammatory resolvins and protectins)
- Neuroprotection against oxidative damage (DHA-rich membranes are protected by krill oil's astaxanthin)
Astaxanthin and Brain Protection
Astaxanthin is one of the few antioxidants that crosses the blood-brain barrier, providing direct antioxidant protection to brain tissue. Research published in Nutrients (2018) demonstrated that astaxanthin supplementation significantly improved cognitive performance (memory, processing speed, attention) in healthy middle-aged adults, with effects attributed to reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in brain tissue.
Phosphatidylcholine and Acetylcholine
The phosphatidylcholine in krill oil provides choline, the direct precursor to acetylcholine, the primary neurotransmitter for memory formation, attention, and muscle control. Adequate choline intake is associated with better cognitive performance and reduced risk of cognitive decline, and choline insufficiency is associated with impaired memory and increased neuroinflammation.
Benefit #3: Healthy Inflammatory Response
Krill oil supports a healthy inflammatory response through three distinct mechanisms that work synergistically: EPA and DHA eicosanoid modulation, EPA and DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), and astaxanthin NF-kB inhibition.
Omega-3 Eicosanoid Modulation
EPA and DHA compete with arachidonic acid (AA, an omega-6 fatty acid) for the same enzymes (COX and LOX) that produce eicosanoids. When EPA and DHA are incorporated into cell membranes at higher concentrations — which krill oil's superior phospholipid bioavailability facilitates — they shift eicosanoid production from pro-inflammatory AA-derived eicosanoids toward less inflammatory EPA-derived eicosanoids.
Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators
EPA and DHA are precursors to specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), including resolvins, protectins, and maresins. SPMs actively resolve inflammation by promoting the clearance of inflammatory cells and debris, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and restoring tissue homeostasis. This active resolution of inflammation is a more sophisticated and physiologically appropriate response than simple anti-inflammatory suppression.
Astaxanthin and NF-kB Inhibition
Astaxanthin is a potent NF-kB inhibitor, reducing the transcription of over 150 pro-inflammatory genes including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and COX-2. A randomized controlled trial published in Phytotherapy Research (2011) found that astaxanthin supplementation significantly reduced CRP by 20.7% and IL-6 by 21.7% in healthy adults after 8 weeks.
A randomized controlled trial published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition (2007) by Deutsch found that krill oil supplementation significantly reduced CRP by 19.3% after 7 days and by 30.9% after 14 days in patients with cardiovascular disease, arthritis, or elevated CRP, demonstrating the combined anti-inflammatory power of krill oil's phospholipid omega-3 and astaxanthin.
Benefit #4: Eye Health
Krill oil provides dual eye health support through DHA (the primary structural fatty acid of the retina) and astaxanthin (which crosses the blood-retinal barrier to provide direct antioxidant protection to retinal tissue).
DHA and Retinal Structure
DHA comprises 30 to 40% of the fatty acid content of the retinal photoreceptor outer segments, the highest DHA concentration of any tissue in the body. DHA is essential for the function of rhodopsin (the light-sensitive protein in rod photoreceptors), maintaining the membrane fluidity required for rhodopsin's conformational changes during phototransduction. Adequate DHA intake is associated with reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and improved visual acuity.
Astaxanthin and Retinal Protection
The retina is one of the highest oxygen-consuming tissues in the body and is continuously exposed to light-induced oxidative stress. Astaxanthin crosses the blood-retinal barrier (unlike most antioxidants) and accumulates in retinal tissue, providing direct protection against light-induced oxidative damage to photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium cells.
A randomized controlled trial published in Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (2012) found that astaxanthin supplementation significantly improved retinal blood flow and reduced retinal oxidative stress markers, supporting its role in retinal vascular health.
Why Krill Oil Does Not Cause Fishy Burps
Fishy burps and aftertaste are a common complaint with many omega-3 supplements. Krill oil does not cause fishy burps, and the reason is directly related to its phospholipid molecular form.
Krill oil's phospholipid-bound omega-3s are amphiphilic (having both water-soluble and fat-soluble properties), allowing them to mix with the aqueous contents of the stomach rather than floating on top. This water-miscibility means krill oil does not concentrate at the stomach surface and does not cause the reflux-mediated fishy burps that some people experience with other omega-3 supplements. The natural astaxanthin in krill oil also contributes to its stability and lack of rancid odor.
Why Euphausia superba Is the Gold Standard Krill Source
This product is made from 100% pure Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), the specific species that has been the subject of all published krill oil clinical research. There are approximately 85 species of krill worldwide, but Euphausia superba is the only species harvested commercially for krill oil production and the only species with a documented nutritional and clinical research profile.
Euphausia superba is distinguished by:
- Highest phospholipid content: E. superba has a higher phospholipid-to-triglyceride ratio than other krill species, maximizing the phospholipid omega-3 bioavailability advantage
- Highest astaxanthin content: E. superba accumulates astaxanthin from its phytoplankton diet at higher concentrations than other krill species
- Antarctic habitat: The pristine Southern Ocean environment ensures minimal heavy metal and pollutant contamination
- All clinical research: Every published krill oil clinical trial has used E. superba-derived krill oil, making its research base directly applicable to this product
Antarctic Krill Sustainability
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is one of the most sustainably harvested marine resources in the world. The Antarctic krill fishery is managed by CCAMLR (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources), which sets precautionary catch limits at approximately 1% of the estimated krill biomass annually. Current annual krill harvests of approximately 300,000 to 400,000 tonnes represent less than 0.1% of the estimated total krill biomass of 379 to 500 million tonnes, making krill oil one of the most environmentally responsible marine omega-3 sources available.
Dosage Guidelines and Timing
Recommended Dose
Adults: 1 softgel once daily with food
Per softgel: 1,000mg krill oil providing 150mg EPA, 70mg DHA, 400mg phospholipids, 200mg esterified astaxanthin
Supply: 60 softgels (60-day supply at 1 softgel per day)
Timing Guidelines
- Always with a meal: Dietary fat in the meal further enhances phospholipid omega-3 absorption and reduces any potential gastrointestinal discomfort
- Consistent daily use: Omega-3 fatty acids accumulate in cell membranes over 4 to 8 weeks of consistent supplementation; daily use without interruption is required for sustained cardiovascular and brain benefits
- Refrigerate after opening: Store in the refrigerator after opening to preserve astaxanthin potency and omega-3 freshness
- Any meal: Krill oil can be taken at any meal; there is no specific time-of-day advantage for omega-3 supplementation
Safety Profile, Allergen Warning, and Contraindications
Safety Data
- Health Canada approved (NPN 80116638)
- 100% pure Antarctic krill oil from Euphausia superba
- Non-GMO bovine gelatin softgel shell
- No artificial colours, flavours, sweeteners, or preservatives
- GMP certified, made in Canada
- Independently tested for heavy metals and contaminants
Critical Allergen Warning
Shellfish and crustacean allergy: Krill is a crustacean. This product is contraindicated in individuals with known shellfish, crustacean, or seafood allergies. Individuals with shellfish allergies should not use krill oil and should consult a healthcare practitioner about alternative omega-3 sources.
Contraindications and Precautions
- Shellfish or crustacean allergy: Contraindicated; do not use
- Blood thinning medications (warfarin, aspirin, antiplatelet drugs): Omega-3 fatty acids have mild antiplatelet effects; consult healthcare practitioner before use
- Blood pressure medications: Krill oil may have additive blood pressure-lowering effects; consult healthcare practitioner
- Cholesterol medications: Krill oil may have additive lipid-lowering effects; consult healthcare practitioner if taking statins or other lipid-lowering medications
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding: DHA is essential for fetal brain development; consult healthcare practitioner before use
- Pre-surgery: Discontinue use at least 2 weeks before scheduled surgery due to antiplatelet effects
- Vegans and vegetarians: This product contains bovine gelatin (softgel shell) and krill (crustacean); not suitable for vegans or vegetarians
Frequently Asked Questions
What is krill oil good for?
Antarctic krill oil is Health Canada approved (NPN 80116638) and supports cardiovascular health, brain health and cognitive function, a healthy inflammatory response, and eye health. Each 1,000mg softgel provides 150mg EPA, 70mg DHA, 400mg phospholipids (including phosphatidylcholine as a choline source), and 200mg esterified astaxanthin. The phospholipid form of EPA and DHA is absorbed more efficiently and delivered to the brain more effectively than other omega-3 forms, and the naturally occurring astaxanthin provides antioxidant protection that no other omega-3 supplement contains.
What does astaxanthin do in krill oil?
Astaxanthin in krill oil serves two roles: it protects the omega-3 fatty acids from oxidation during storage and digestion (preventing rancidity without requiring added synthetic preservatives), and it provides direct health benefits as one of the most potent natural antioxidants known. Astaxanthin spans the entire cell membrane bilayer, crosses the blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier, does not become pro-oxidant at high concentrations, and has been measured at 6,000 times the antioxidant potency of vitamin C in singlet oxygen quenching assays. Each softgel provides 200mg of naturally occurring esterified astaxanthin.
Why does krill oil not cause fishy burps?
Krill oil does not cause fishy burps because its phospholipid-bound omega-3s are amphiphilic (water-miscible), meaning they mix with stomach contents rather than floating on top. This water-miscibility means krill oil does not concentrate at the stomach surface and does not cause reflux-mediated fishy burps. The natural astaxanthin also contributes to krill oil's stability and lack of rancid odor.
Can I take krill oil if I have a shellfish allergy?
No. Krill is a crustacean, and krill oil is contraindicated in individuals with known shellfish, crustacean, or seafood allergies. Individuals with shellfish allergies who want omega-3 supplementation should consult a healthcare practitioner about alternative omega-3 sources that do not contain crustacean-derived ingredients.
How much EPA and DHA is in each krill oil softgel?
Each 1,000mg Antarctic krill oil softgel provides 150mg of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and 70mg of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), for a total of 220mg of EPA and DHA (270mg total omega-3 including other omega-3 fatty acids). The phospholipid form of these omega-3s provides superior bioavailability and more efficient brain delivery compared to other lipid forms at equivalent doses.
How long does it take for krill oil to work?
Omega-3 fatty acids from krill oil begin incorporating into cell membranes within days of starting supplementation, but measurable changes in plasma omega-3 levels and clinical outcomes typically require 4 to 8 weeks of consistent daily use. For cardiovascular benefits (triglyceride reduction, blood pressure), clinical trials have demonstrated significant effects after 4 to 12 weeks of daily supplementation. For brain health benefits, longer-term consistent use of 3 to 6 months is associated with greater cognitive benefits. Take daily with food and refrigerate after opening for optimal results.
Is krill oil sustainable?
Yes. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is one of the most sustainably harvested marine resources in the world. The Antarctic krill fishery is managed by CCAMLR with precautionary catch limits set at approximately 1% of the estimated krill biomass annually. Current annual harvests represent less than 0.1% of the total estimated krill biomass of 379 to 500 million tonnes, making krill oil one of the most environmentally responsible marine omega-3 sources available.
Can I take krill oil with blood thinners?
Omega-3 fatty acids have mild antiplatelet effects and may enhance the blood-thinning effects of warfarin, aspirin, and other anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications. Individuals taking blood thinning medications should consult a healthcare practitioner before starting krill oil supplementation. Discontinue krill oil at least 2 weeks before any scheduled surgery.
Is krill oil vegan?
No. Krill oil is derived from Antarctic krill, a crustacean, and this product uses a bovine gelatin softgel shell. It is not suitable for vegans or vegetarians. Individuals following a vegan or vegetarian diet who want omega-3 supplementation should look for algae-based DHA and EPA supplements, which provide omega-3s from the same microalgae that krill eat, without any animal-derived ingredients.
Conclusion
Antarctic krill oil is one of the most nutritionally complete omega-3 supplements available. Its phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA are absorbed more efficiently and delivered to the brain more effectively than other omega-3 forms. Its naturally occurring astaxanthin provides antioxidant protection that no other omega-3 supplement contains, crossing the blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier to protect the tissues that need it most. Its phosphatidylcholine provides choline, an essential nutrient that most Canadians do not consume in adequate amounts.
For optimal results:
- Take 1 softgel daily with a meal containing dietary fat
- Use consistently every day for 4 to 8 weeks for measurable cardiovascular and inflammatory benefits
- Refrigerate after opening to preserve astaxanthin potency and omega-3 freshness
- Individuals with shellfish or crustacean allergies must not use krill oil
- Consult a healthcare practitioner if taking blood thinning, blood pressure, or cholesterol medications
Antarctic krill oil with phospholipid omega-3 and astaxanthin: Antarctic Krill Oil 1000mg — 1,000mg Euphausia superba krill oil per softgel providing 150mg EPA, 70mg DHA, 400mg phospholipids, and 200mg esterified astaxanthin, Health Canada licensed (NPN 80116638), non-GMO bovine gelatin softgel, no artificial additives, GMP certified, made in Canada. 60 softgels (60-day supply)
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