Medicinal Ingredient (per 1 tablespoon):
Hydrolyzed collagen (Chicken - Cartilage) 1,000 mg
Chondroitin sulfate (Bos taurus - Cartilage, Sodium chondroitin sulfate) 400 mg
Devil's claw (Harpagophytum zeyheri) (4:1, 1080 mg Dry)(Harpagophytum zeyheri - Secondary root tuber) 270 mg
Boswellia (Boswellia serrata)(333 mg Dry)(Boswellic acids 40%) 333 mg
MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)(Dimethyl sulfone) 1,000 mg
Glucosamine sulfate (2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose sulfate) (Crab - Exoskeleton, Glucosamine Sulfate Sodium Chloride) 500 mg
Curcuma longa (Curcuma) (400 mg Dry) (Curcuma longa - Rhizome) Curcuminoids 95% 400 mg
Hyaluronic acid (Streptococcus equi - Bacterial extracellular capsule, Sodium Hyaluronate) 61 mg
Fruit bromelain (Pineapple fruit bromelain) 540,000 FCC PU (Ananas comosus var. comosus - Fruit) 15 mg

Duration of use:
Use for at least 2-3 months to see beneficial effects.

Recommended dosage:
1 Tablespoon (=15ml) 2 to 3 times per day or mix with half a glass of water or juice. Use the calibrated measuring cup provided to obtain an accurate dosage. Avoid taking at bedtime. Take with food.

Cautions and warnings:
Consult a health care professional if symptoms worsen.
Consult a health care professional prior to use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, have gallstones, bile duct obstruction, stomach ulcers or excess stomach acid, have gastrointestinal lesions/ulcers or are having a surgery or you are taking anticoagulant agents, anti-inflammatory agents, or antibiotics.

Known adverse reactions:
Stop use if diarrhea, abdominal pain, heartburn, nausea, or vomiting occur.
Stop use if hypersensitivity/allergy occurs.

Recommended storage conditions:
Store in airtight container, protected from light.

Q: What are the Health Canada approved uses for this product?
A: This product is approved by Health Canada (NPN 80121785) for the following uses: helps support joint health and relieve joint pain and swelling associated with osteoarthritis of the knee; and used in Herbal Medicine to relieve minor pain, swelling, and inflammation. Use for at least 2 to 3 months to see beneficial effects. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Q: Does this product contain shellfish, animal, or allergen ingredients?
A: Yes. This product contains shellfish: glucosamine sulfate is derived from crab exoskeleton. Do not use this product if you have a shellfish allergy. This product also contains chicken (hydrolyzed collagen from chicken cartilage) and bovine (chondroitin sulfate from Bos taurus cartilage). This product is not suitable for vegetarians or vegans. Bromelain is derived from pineapple fruit and is the only ingredient of plant origin among the animal-derived medicinal ingredients.

Q: What are the 9 medicinal ingredients and what does each one do?
A: Each tablespoon (15ml) contains the following 9 medicinal ingredients. Hydrolyzed Collagen (Chicken Cartilage, 1,000mg): Type II collagen peptides providing glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, the building blocks for cartilage collagen synthesis. MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane, 1,000mg): organic sulfur compound supporting collagen cross-linking and glycosaminoglycan sulfation. Glucosamine Sulfate (Crab Exoskeleton, 500mg): amino monosaccharide and primary building block for glycosaminoglycans in cartilage matrix. Chondroitin Sulfate (Bovine Cartilage, 400mg): sulfated glycosaminoglycan that attracts water into cartilage and inhibits cartilage-degrading enzymes. Curcuma longa (95% Curcuminoids, 400mg): standardized turmeric extract targeting NF-kB and COX-2 inflammatory pathways. Boswellia serrata (40% Boswellic Acids, 333mg): standardized frankincense extract targeting the 5-LOX inflammatory pathway via AKBA. Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum zeyheri, 4:1, 270mg): iridoid glycoside extract (harpagoside) with COX and LOX inhibitory activity. Hyaluronic Acid (Sodium Hyaluronate, 61mg): primary structural component of synovial fluid that lubricates joint surfaces. Fruit Bromelain (15mg, 540,000 FCC PU): proteolytic enzyme with anti-inflammatory activity that also enhances absorption of other ingredients, particularly curcumin.

Q: Why does this formula combine structural ingredients and herbal anti-inflammatory extracts? A: Joint health involves two distinct dimensions that benefit from different types of support. The structural dimension involves the physical composition of cartilage matrix and synovial fluid: the collagen, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and water-retaining molecules that give cartilage its mechanical properties. The inflammatory dimension involves the biochemical signaling pathways that drive joint pain, swelling, and tissue breakdown. The five structural ingredients (hydrolyzed collagen, MSM, glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid) address the first dimension by providing building blocks and components for cartilage matrix and synovial fluid. The four herbal ingredients (curcumin, Boswellia, Devil's Claw, bromelain) address the second dimension by targeting the inflammatory pathways involved in joint pain and swelling. Combining both categories in a single formula addresses joint health from both directions simultaneously.

Q: How do the three herbal anti-inflammatory ingredients target different inflammatory pathways?
A: The three primary herbal anti-inflammatory ingredients in this formula target distinct but complementary inflammatory pathways, providing broader coverage than any single anti-inflammatory ingredient alone. Curcuma longa (95% curcuminoids) inhibits NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa B), the master transcription factor that regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6. Curcumin also inhibits COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2), the enzyme that produces prostaglandins involved in pain and inflammation. Boswellia serrata (40% boswellic acids) inhibits 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase) via its primary active compound AKBA (acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid). 5-LOX converts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes, a class of pro-inflammatory mediators distinct from the prostaglandins targeted by COX inhibitors. By targeting 5-LOX rather than COX, Boswellia addresses a different branch of the arachidonic acid inflammatory cascade than curcumin. Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum zeyheri) contains iridoid glycosides, particularly harpagoside, that inhibit both COX and LOX enzymes. Together these three herbs address NF-kB, COX-2, and 5-LOX simultaneously, covering the major inflammatory signaling pathways involved in joint pain and swelling.

Q: What is bromelain and why is it included at only 15mg when the other ingredients are in the hundreds of milligrams?
A: Bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzymes derived from pineapple fruit. Unlike vitamins, minerals, and herbal extracts, enzymes are measured by their activity rather than their weight. The activity of bromelain is expressed in FCC PU (Food Chemicals Codex Papain Units), a standardized measure of proteolytic enzyme activity. At 540,000 FCC PU, this formula provides a meaningful level of bromelain activity despite the small weight (15mg). A small weight of a highly active enzyme preparation can have significant biological effects. Bromelain serves two roles in this formula: it has direct anti-inflammatory activity by modulating inflammatory mediators and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and it enhances the absorption of other ingredients in the formula, particularly curcumin, by breaking down proteins in the GI tract that can bind to and limit the absorption of polyphenolic compounds. The 15mg weight reflects the high specific activity of the bromelain preparation, not a low dose.

Q: What is the difference between glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate?
A: Glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are both glycosaminoglycans (long-chain polysaccharides) that are structural components of cartilage matrix, but they have different structures and roles. Glucosamine sulfate is an amino monosaccharide (a single sugar unit with an amino group) that is the primary building block from which the body synthesizes glycosaminoglycan chains. It is the precursor molecule that cartilage cells (chondrocytes) use to build the glycosaminoglycan components of proteoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate is a fully formed sulfated glycosaminoglycan chain, a long polymer of repeating disaccharide units. It is a major structural component of aggrecan, the primary proteoglycan in cartilage matrix. Chondroitin sulfate chains are highly negatively charged due to their sulfate groups, which attract positively charged water molecules into the cartilage matrix, giving cartilage its compressive resilience. Chondroitin sulfate also inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases, the enzymes that break down cartilage matrix components. The two ingredients are complementary: glucosamine provides the building block for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, while chondroitin provides a direct structural component and inhibits cartilage degradation.

Q: What is hyaluronic acid and why is the dose only 61mg compared to the other structural ingredients?
A: Hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate) is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan and the primary structural component of synovial fluid, the viscous fluid that lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilage. In healthy joints, hyaluronic acid gives synovial fluid its characteristic viscosity and viscoelastic properties, allowing it to act as both a lubricant during slow movements and a shock absorber during rapid movements. The 61mg dose reflects the fact that hyaluronic acid is a very high molecular weight polymer that is biologically active at relatively low concentrations. Hyaluronic acid is not a building block consumed in large quantities like glucosamine; it is a structural polymer where a small amount contributes meaningfully to synovial fluid composition. The dose is consistent with oral hyaluronic acid supplementation research.

Q: How should I take this product and are there any timing considerations?
A: The suggested use is 1 tablespoon (15ml), 2 to 3 times per day. Always take with food. Do not take at bedtime. Taking with food supports absorption and reduces the likelihood of gastrointestinal discomfort. The instruction to avoid taking at bedtime is relevant because some of the herbal ingredients (particularly Devil's Claw) may have stimulating properties that could interfere with sleep if taken close to bedtime. Use for at least 2 to 3 months to see beneficial effects, as the structural ingredients (collagen, glucosamine, chondroitin) require sustained supplementation over weeks to months to support cartilage matrix changes.

Q: How many bottles do I need for a 2 to 3 month course?
A: Each 450ml bottle contains 30 tablespoons (15ml each). At 2 tablespoons per day, one bottle lasts approximately 15 days. At 3 tablespoons per day, one bottle lasts approximately 10 days. For a 2 month (60 day) course at 2 tablespoons per day, plan for approximately 4 bottles. For a 3 month (90 day) course at 2 tablespoons per day, plan for approximately 6 bottles. At 3 tablespoons per day, plan for approximately 6 bottles for 2 months and 9 bottles for 3 months. Consult your healthcare provider to determine the appropriate dose and duration for your individual needs.

Q: Are there important safety warnings I should know before using this product?
A: Yes. Do not use if you have a shellfish allergy (contains glucosamine from crab exoskeleton). Consult a healthcare professional before use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Consult a healthcare professional before use if you have gallstones or bile duct obstruction. Consult a healthcare professional before use if you have stomach ulcers or excess stomach acid. Consult a healthcare professional before use if you are taking anticoagulants (blood thinners), as several ingredients in this formula including curcumin, Boswellia, and bromelain may have mild anticoagulant effects. Consult a healthcare professional before use if you are taking anti-inflammatory medications. Consult a healthcare professional before use if you are taking antibiotics. Consult a healthcare professional if symptoms worsen. Stop use and consult a healthcare professional if diarrhea, abdominal pain, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, or hypersensitivity or allergic reaction occurs.